Dr. Jim Ewing is a professor, consultant, trainer and scholar. Dr. Jim Ewing is becoming an expert in the field of emergent bilinguals (ELLs) and mathematics. Below is a list of the articles he has written. Ewing is also writing a book, which will be out in 2020 about engaging Hispanic ELLs in mathematics.
Ewing, J., Gresham, G. & Dickey, B. (2019). Pre-service teachers learning to engage all students, including English language learners, in productive struggle. Issues in the Undergraduate Mathematics Preparation of School Teachers: The Journal, 2, 52-56.
Engaging in productive struggle—grappling with challenging problems—is conducive to understanding mathematics. This paper examines five pre-service teachers as they learned to engage English language learners in productive struggle. The context of this descriptive case study was an elementary mathematics methods course in the Northeastern United States. Data collected included surveys, interviews, lesson plan reflections, and homework reflections. After selective coding, data were analyzed individually before using cross-case analysis. A possible trajectory to productive struggle is presented. The trajectory requires refinement, but it offers teacher educators insight for teaching pre-service teachers to engage all students in productive struggle.
Link: http://www.k-12prep.math.ttu.edu/journal/2.pedagogy/ewing1/article.pdf
Dickey, B; Ewing, J.; Caruso, M. & Fulmer, E. (2018). Facilitating pre-service teachers to engage emergent bilinguals in productive struggle. The Journal of Multicultural Affairs, 3(2), 1-15.
This study utilized a multiple case study with qualitative research to examine how Pre-service teachers (PSTs) might engage Emergent Bilinguals (EBs) in productive struggle—grappling to solve problems (Warshauer, 2015). The researchers created a rubric based on Warshauer’s (2015) case study to record the types of questions PSTs asked as they tutored fourth grade EBs. Warshauer (2015) claimed PSTs should allow students more wait time and ask questions. She referred to such questions as affordance and probing guidance, which facilitates productive struggle. In order to discover more about the PSTs’ thinking, the researchers interviewed the PSTs before and after their first, third, and seventh lesson. The researchers’ findings are that the PSTs struggled to incorporate more affordance and probing guidance-based questions as the semester progressed. However, PSTs use of telling based questions decreased during the semester. Another finding was two of the EBs spoke only English at the beginning of the semester, but later used code switching during the lessons. Perhaps the students felt more comfortable with their surroundings, and speaking in Spanish helped facilitate them to engage in productive struggle. Furthermore, PSTs utilized culturally relevant teaching strategies during their lessons and created an environment to encourage positive mindsets for learning mathematics. Implications are teacher educators should teach PSTs how to engage all students in productive struggle.
Link: https://scholarworks.sfasu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1042&context=jma
Ewing, J. (2018). Considering ELLs when planning lessons. Ohio Journal of School Mathematics, 78 (1), 52-56.
Teachers typically prepare lesson plans for non-ELLs and then attempt to “retrofit” lesson plans for ELLs. This article offers suggestions for planning mathematics lessons that meet ELLs’ needs.
Link: https://library.osu.edu/ojs/index.php/OJSM/article/view/6198
Ewing, J. (2017). Preparing pre-service teachers to teach ELLs in methods courses. Journal of Mathematics Teacher Education in Texas, 7(3), 3-4.
Zeichner (2005) called for teacher educators to change their practice in preparing pre-service teachers (PSTs) to meet the needs of English language learners (ELLs). Twelve years later we still struggle with this monumental task (Ewing, 2017).
Link: http://scholarworks.sfasu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1028&context=jma
Ewing, Jim (2017) “Facilitating Pre-service Teachers to Learn the Mathematical Practices and Engage English Language Learners,” Journal of Multicultural Affairs: Vol. 2 : Iss. 1 , Article 3. Available at: http://scholarworks.sfasu.edu/jma/vol2/iss1/3
A methods course attempted to help pre-service teachers facilitate the engagement of English language learners (ELLs) in Mathematical Practices from the Common Core State Standards. When 22 elementary pre-service teachers were taught a mathematics lesson in Spanish, most were unable to make sense of the lesson. This made them more aware of challenges ELLs may face when they attempt to engage in Mathematical Practices. The pre-service teachers developed their own strategies to facilitate ELLs. The findings suggest that pre-service teachers not only better empathized with ELLs after being taught in another language, they also learned Mathematical Practices more deeply.
Link: https://scholarworks.sfasu.edu/jma/vol2/iss1/3/
Ewing, James Stephen, “Pre-Service Elementary Teachers Learning To Facilitate Students’ Engagement Of The Common Core State Standards’ Mathematical Practices: Balancing Attention To English Language Learners, To All Learners, And To One’s Own Mathematical Learning” (2016). Dissertations – ALL. 431. Available at: http://surface.syr.edu/etd/431
In this dissertation I examine the experiences of eight pre-service elementary teachers (PSTs) in a mathematics methods course as they learned how to teach Mathematical Practice 1 (make sense of problems and persevere to solve them) and Mathematical Practice 3 (construct viable arguments and critique the arguments of others) from the Common Core State Standards to elementary students in general, and to English language learners in particular. While the principal question that motivated this study concerned PSTs’ preparation to teach mathematical practices to English language learners, it became apparent that that question could not be answered without considering how PSTs prepare to teach the mathematics practices to all learners, and how they learned mathematics themselves.
This descriptive case study, which uses qualitative methods, involves collection of the following data: open response surveys (pre-and post); homework reflections; lesson plans; university supervisors’ and host teachers’ reports; and semi-structured interviews of PSTs, university supervisors, and host teachers. I drew initial categories for coding these data from relevant literature, and transcribed, coded, categorized, and generated additional themes from the data (Glaser & Strauss, 1967). The study benefited from, and was limited by, the fact that I was both the researcher and the instructor of the course in which the PSTs were enrolled.
Applying sociocultural theory, I consider both PSTs’ personal experiences and their interpretation of their students’ personal experiences in their field placements (Forman, 2003). They understood these experiences in terms of six themes: making personal connections with mathematical content, providing access for individual students, holding high expectations for each student, facilitating productive struggle, facilitating social interactions, and developing students’ mathematical language and discourse. All of these themes are important in preparing PSTs to teach mathematics to all elementary students, but each of them has special significance for their preparation to teach English language learners. The PSTs appeared to learn the Mathematical Practices deeply, in part, by reflecting on the significance of these themes for their own mathematical learning.
The PSTs had similarities and differences in their beliefs and practices. As other researchers have suggested, it appeared that PSTs needed positive dispositions toward mathematics and the ability to help students make personal connections with mathematics to engage students in Mathematical Practice 1 (Kilpatrick, Swafford, & Findell, 2001), they needed high expectations and strategies for facilitating access in order to engage students in productive struggle (Moschkovich, 2013), and they needed strategies for facilitating social interactions and developing students’ mathematical language and discourse to develop their facility with Mathematical Practice 3.
There seemed to be both a general and specific order for learning these themes. In general, PSTs grasped easily and most thoroughly those themes that were similar to ones infused throughout the teacher education program, and they were more likely to struggle with those that were new to them. PSTs who had no direct experience working with ELLs in their field placements had fewer opportunities to develop an understanding of how to engage these students, but some of these PSTs nevertheless developed understandings and skills that would be valuable for teaching ELLs, while one who did work with ELLs still maintained low expectations for their performance. Writing lesson plans helped PSTs think through how to facilitate students’ engagement with mathematical practices; a student whose host teachers insisted they follow scripted lesson plans did not have that opportunity. My summary chapter presents two trajectories for depicting PSTs’ overall learning: one a general trajectory that seems to apply to their learning of any particular theme, and one a trajectory for depicting the order in which different themes are likely to be mastered.
Link: https://surface.syr.edu/etd/431/
Ewing, James, “The Standards for Mathematical Practice and Hybrid Spaces: A Review of Empowering Science and Mathematics Education in Urban Schools 1” (2013). Journal of Urban Mathematics Education: Vol. 6 : No. 2 , pp. 81-85.